1998-99112409-1979Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 2. Языкознание10.15688/jvolsu2.2024.2.12Профессиональная компетенция синхронного переводчика в когнитивно-дискурсивной парадигмеSimultaneous Interpreter Professional Competence in a Cognitive and Discursive ParadigmКоровкинаМарина ЕвгеньевнаКоровкинаМарина ЕвгеньевнаKorovkinaMarinamekorovkina@gmail.com0000-0002-7423-0541MGIMO University (Moscow, Russian Federation)Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) МИД России (Москва, Российская Федерация)270620242321581713105202330012024CC BY 4.0

В статье приводятся результаты моделирования профессиональной компетенции переводчика-синхрониста, состоящей из трех компонентов – коммуникативной, экстралингвистической и специальной (под)компетенций. Основное внимание уделено третьему компоненту, объединяющему специальные умения и навыки, необходимые для осуществления синхронного перевода: инферирование, вероятностное прогнозирование и компрессию. Инферирование представляет собой двухэтапный процесс извлечения и порождения смысловых выводов в отношении инварианта смысла: извлечение инференций переводчиком в процессе понимания смысла сообщения на исходном языке и порождение импликатур при формулировании данного смысла на языке перевода. Вероятностное прогнозирование основывается на анализе смысловых опор сообщения на исходном языке и проявляется в предугадывании развития инварианта смысла в контексте. Компрессия представляет собой ключевую дискурсивную стратегию, заключающуюся в элиминировании избыточной информации. В своей речемыслительной деятельности переводчик прибегает к компрессии по лингвистическим и экстралингвистическим причинам: в силу межъязыковой асимметрии между исходным языком и языком перевода, а также острого дефицита времени в связи с большой скоростью речи оратора. Данные умения, относящиеся к сфере переработки информации, отражают когнитивную природу синхронного перевода, или его когнитивные механизмы, и позволяют реализовать соответствующие им когнитивно-дискурсивные стратегии, которые использует переводчик согласно прагматике коммуникативной ситуации синхронного перевода. Результаты исследования показали, что в процессе синхронного перевода реализация когнитивных механизмов инферирования, вероятностного прогнозирования и компрессии, связанных с ними умений переводчика и когнитивно-дискурсивных стратегий проявляется в порождении смысловых выводов (инференций и импликатур) на основе пресуппозиционного знания. Cинхронный переводчик, обладая необходимым уровнем профессиональной компетенции и основываясь на вышеназванных дискурсивных стратегиях, производит отбор языковых средств в процессе передачи инварианта смысла из исходного языка в язык перевода. Данному выбору способствуют знания пресуппозиций, укорененные в языковых картинах мира исходного языка и языка перевода и служащие основой языкового и концептуального тезаурусов переводчика. Установлено, что важным фактором, облегчающим когнитивные процессы переработки информации в синхронном переводе, выступает анализ функций текста, помогающий выделить необходимые для инферирования и вероятностного прогнозирования пресуппозиции.

The paper presents a simultaneous interpreter professional competence that consists of three components – communicative, extralinguistic and procedural or specialized (sub)competences. It is focused on the third component, which includes the abilities of inferencing, probabilistic forecasting and compression, specifically required for simultaneous interpreting (SI). Inferencing is a two-staged process of retrieving assumptions with regards to composing invariant senses, which means deriving inferences of the message in the source language (SL) and generating implicatures in the target language (TL). Probabilistic forecasting is based on the analysis of the invariant sense prompts in the SL message and boils down to anticipating invariant sense evolvement in the context. It is closely related to compression – an ability to eliminate the redundant information and to condense the retrieved invariant sense in the SI for linguistic and extralinguistic reasons, such as interlanguage asymmetries between the source and target languages and an acute shortage of time because of the speaker’s speed. Moreover, compression is one of the key discursive strategies used by the simultaneous interpreter in speech production. These information processing abilities stand for the SI inherent cognitive features or mechanisms and cognitive-and-discursive strategies employed by the simultaneous interpreter in order to meet the pragmatic needs of a SI communicative situation. Descriptive, comparative, model simulation, introspection and observation methods were used for the research task realization. The outcomes of the study show that the above mentioned three cognitive mechanisms, discursive strategies and abilities closely interact in the SI; it is manifested through inferences and implicatures generated on the basis of presuppositions. Relying on his/her professional competence and employing discursive strategies of inferencing, probabilistic forecasting and compression, the simultaneous interpreter chooses the adequate language means to render invariant sense in its transition from the source to target languages. The choice is facilitated by presuppositional knowledge rooted in the worldview of the source and target languages, constituting the simultaneous interpreter’s language and conceptual thesauri. Another important factor assisting SI cognitive processes and the choice of discursive strategies is the analysis of text functions that makes it possible to elicit presuppositions helpful for inferencing and probabilistic forecasting.

синхронный переводкомпетенцияинферированиевероятностное прогнозированиекомпрессияинференцияимпликатурапресуппозицияsimultaneous interpretingcompetenceinferencingprobabilistic forecastingcompressioninferenceimplicaturepresuppositionChernov G.V., 1987. Osnovy sinkhronnogo perevoda [The Fundamentals of Simultaneous Interpreting]. Moscow, Vyssh. shk. 256 p.Chernov G.V., 1992. Conference Interpreting in the USSR: History, Theory, New Frontiers. Meta 37, no. 1, pp. 149-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/002227arChernov G.V., 2004. Inference and Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpreting. A Probability-Prediction Model. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 266 p.Dйjean Le Fйal, K., 1991. “La libertй en traduction.” Meta 36, no. 2-3, pp. 448-455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/003449ar.Gerver D., 1975. A Psychological Approach to Simultaneous Interpretation. Meta 20, pp. 119-128.Gile D., 2009. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 283 p.Gцpferich S., 2009. Towards a Model of Translation Competence and Its Acquisition: The Longitudinal Study Trans Comp. Gцpferich S. et al., eds. Behind the Mind: Methods, Models and Results in Translation Process Research. Copenhagen, Samfundslitteratur, pp. 12-38.Kalina S., 1992. Discourse Processing and Interpreting Strategies – An Approach to the Teaching of Interpreting. Dolerup C., Loddegaard A., eds. Teaching Translation and Interpreting: Training, Talent and Experience. Papers from the First Language International Conference. Elsinore, Denmark, 31 May – 2 June 1991. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins, pp. 251-259.Karaulov Y., 2004. Russkiy yazyk i yazykovaya lichnost [The Russian Language and Language Personality]. Moscow, URSS Publ. 264 p.Kiraly D., 2013. Towards a View of Translator Competence as an Emergent Phenomenon: Thinking Outside the Box(es) in Translator Education. Kiraly D. et al., eds. New Prospects and Perspectives for Educating Language Mediators. Tьbingen, Gunter Narr, pp. 197-224.Komissarov V., 1997. Teoreticheskie osnovy metodiki obucheniya perevodu [Theoretic Fundamentals of Translation Teaching Methods]. Moscow, Rema Publ. 110 p.Korovkina M., 2017. Teoreticheskie aspekty smyslovogo modelirovaniya spetsialnogo perevoda s rodnogo yazyka na inostrannyy (na materiale publitsisticheskikh tekstov ehkonomicheskoy tematiki): dis. ... kand. filol. nauk [Theoretic Aspects of Sense Modelling in LSP-Translation from Mother Tongue into Foreign Language (on the Basis of Journalistic Texts of Economic Discourse). Cand. philol. sci. diss.]. Moscow. 241 p.Korovkina M., Semenov A., 2022. Inferirovanie i funktsionalnyy podkhod k tekstu: na materiale sinkhronnogo perevoda [Inferencing and Functional Approach to Text: Based on Simultaneous Interpreting]. Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Teoriya yazyka. Semiotika. Semantika [Bulletin of Russian People’s Friendship University. Series: Language Theory. Semiotics. Semantics], vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 337-352.Lagarde L., Gile D., 2011. Le traducteur professionnel face aux textes techniques et а la recherche documentaire. Meta 56, no. 1, pp. 188-199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1003517arLambert S., 1988. Information Processing Among Conference Interpreters: A Test of the Depth-of-Processing Hypothesis. Meta 33, no. 3, pp. 377-387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/003380arLatyshev L., 2001. Tekhnologiya perevoda [Translation Technology]. Moscow, NVI-Tesaurus Publ. 278 p.Lederer M., 1981. La traduction simultanйe: experience et thйorie. Paris, Minard Lettres Modernes. 454 p.Lederer M., 2003. Translation. The Interpretative Model. Manchester, St. Jerome Publishing. 239 p.Massaro D., 1975. Language and Information Processing. Massaro D., ed. Understanding Language. New York, Academic Press, pp. 3-28.Moser B., 1978. Simultaneous Interpretation: A Hypothetical Model and Its Practical Application. Gerver D., Sinailo H.W., eds. Language Interpretation and Communication. New York, London, Plenum Press, pp. 353-368.Moser-Mercer B., 1994. Paradigms Gained or the Art of Productive Disagreement. Lambert S., Moser-Mercer B., eds. Bridging the Gap: Empirical Research in Simultaneous Interpreting. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins, pp. 17-23.Nord Ch., 2005. Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation-Oriented Text Analysis. Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi. 274 p.Pцchhacher F., 1995. Simultaneous Interpreting: A Functionalist Perspective. Hermes, Journal of Linguistics, no. 14, pp. 31-53.Riccardi A., 2005. On the Evolution of Interpreting Strategies in Simultaneous Interpreting. Meta 50, no. 2, pp. 753-767. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/011016arSchaeffner Ch., 2000. Running Before Walking? Designing a Translation Programme at Undergraduate Level. Schaffner C., Adab B., eds. Developing Translation Competence. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins, pp. 143-155.Seleskovitch D., 1998. Interpreting for International Conferences. Washington, Pen and Booth. 138 p.Setton R., 1999. Simultaneous Interpretation: A Cognitive-Pragmatic Analysis. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 397 p.Setton R., Dawrant A., 2016. Conference Interpreting: A Trainer’s Guide. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 650 p.Shiriayev A., 1979. Sinkhronnyi perevod: Deyatelnost sinkhronnogo perevodchika i metodika prepodavaniya sinkhronnogo perevoda [Simultaneous Interpretation. The Activity of a Simultaneous Interpreter and Methods of Teaching Simultaneous Interpretation]. Moscow, Publishing House of the Defense Ministry. 183 p.Shlesinger M., 2000. Interpreting as a Cognitive Process: How Can We Know What Really Happens? Tirkkonen-Condit S., Jaaskelainen R., eds. Tapping and Mapping the Processes of Translation and Interpreting: Outlooks on Empirical Research. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 3-16.Zabotkina V., 2020. Kognitivnye mekhanizmy mezhkulturnogo dialoga [Cognitive Mechanisms of Intercultural Dialogue]. Kognitivnye issledovaniya yazyka [Cognitive Studies of Language], no. 2 (41), pp. 76-80.Zabotkina V., Korovkina M., Sudakova O., 2019. Competence-Based Approach to a Module Design for the Master Degree Programme in Translation: Challenge of Tuning Russia Tempus Project. Tuning Journal for Higher Education. Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 67-92. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/tjhe-7(1)-2019pp67-92Zimnaya I., 1978. Psikhologicheskie aspekty obucheniya govoreniyu na inostrannom yazyke [Psychological Aspects of Teaching Speaking a Foreign Language]. Moscow, Prosveshcheniye Publ. 160 p.Chernov G.V., 1987. Osnovy sinkhronnogo perevoda [The Fundamentals of Simultaneous Interpreting]. Moscow, Vyssh. shk. 256 p.Chernov G.V., 1992. Conference Interpreting in the USSR: History, Theory, New Frontiers. Meta 37, no. 1, pp. 149-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/002227arChernov G.V., 2004. Inference and Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpreting. A Probability-Prediction Model. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 266 p.Dйjean Le Fйal, K., 1991. “La libertй en traduction.” Meta 36, no. 2-3, pp. 448-455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/003449ar.Gerver D., 1975. A Psychological Approach to Simultaneous Interpretation. Meta 20, pp. 119-128.Gile D., 2009. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 283 p.Gцpferich S., 2009. Towards a Model of Translation Competence and Its Acquisition: The Longitudinal Study Trans Comp. Gцpferich S. et al., eds. Behind the Mind: Methods, Models and Results in Translation Process Research. Copenhagen, Samfundslitteratur, pp. 12-38.Kalina S., 1992. Discourse Processing and Interpreting Strategies – An Approach to the Teaching of Interpreting. Dolerup C., Loddegaard A., eds. Teaching Translation and Interpreting: Training, Talent and Experience. Papers from the First Language International Conference. Elsinore, Denmark, 31 May – 2 June 1991. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins, pp. 251-259.Karaulov Y., 2004. Russkiy yazyk i yazykovaya lichnost [The Russian Language and Language Personality]. Moscow, URSS Publ. 264 p.Kiraly D., 2013. Towards a View of Translator Competence as an Emergent Phenomenon: Thinking Outside the Box(es) in Translator Education. Kiraly D. et al., eds. New Prospects and Perspectives for Educating Language Mediators. Tьbingen, Gunter Narr, pp. 197-224.Komissarov V., 1997. Teoreticheskie osnovy metodiki obucheniya perevodu [Theoretic Fundamentals of Translation Teaching Methods]. Moscow, Rema Publ. 110 p.Korovkina M., 2017. Teoreticheskie aspekty smyslovogo modelirovaniya spetsialnogo perevoda s rodnogo yazyka na inostrannyy (na materiale publitsisticheskikh tekstov ehkonomicheskoy tematiki): dis. ... kand. filol. nauk [Theoretic Aspects of Sense Modelling in LSP-Translation from Mother Tongue into Foreign Language (on the Basis of Journalistic Texts of Economic Discourse). Cand. philol. sci. diss.]. Moscow. 241 p.Korovkina M., Semenov A., 2022. Inferirovanie i funktsionalnyy podkhod k tekstu: na materiale sinkhronnogo perevoda [Inferencing and Functional Approach to Text: Based on Simultaneous Interpreting]. Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Teoriya yazyka. Semiotika. Semantika [Bulletin of Russian People’s Friendship University. Series: Language Theory. Semiotics. Semantics], vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 337-352.Lagarde L., Gile D., 2011. Le traducteur professionnel face aux textes techniques et а la recherche documentaire. Meta 56, no. 1, pp. 188-199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1003517arLambert S., 1988. Information Processing Among Conference Interpreters: A Test of the Depth-of-Processing Hypothesis. Meta 33, no. 3, pp. 377-387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/003380arLatyshev L., 2001. Tekhnologiya perevoda [Translation Technology]. Moscow, NVI-Tesaurus Publ. 278 p.Lederer M., 1981. La traduction simultanйe: experience et thйorie. Paris, Minard Lettres Modernes. 454 p.Lederer M., 2003. Translation. The Interpretative Model. Manchester, St. Jerome Publishing. 239 p.Massaro D., 1975. Language and Information Processing. Massaro D., ed. Understanding Language. New York, Academic Press, pp. 3-28.Moser B., 1978. Simultaneous Interpretation: A Hypothetical Model and Its Practical Application. Gerver D., Sinailo H.W., eds. Language Interpretation and Communication. New York, London, Plenum Press, pp. 353-368.Moser-Mercer B., 1994. Paradigms Gained or the Art of Productive Disagreement. Lambert S., Moser-Mercer B., eds. Bridging the Gap: Empirical Research in Simultaneous Interpreting. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins, pp. 17-23.Nord Ch., 2005. Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation-Oriented Text Analysis. Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi. 274 p.Pцchhacher F., 1995. Simultaneous Interpreting: A Functionalist Perspective. Hermes, Journal of Linguistics, no. 14, pp. 31-53.Riccardi A., 2005. On the Evolution of Interpreting Strategies in Simultaneous Interpreting. Meta 50, no. 2, pp. 753-767. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/011016arSchaeffner Ch., 2000. Running Before Walking? Designing a Translation Programme at Undergraduate Level. Schaffner C., Adab B., eds. Developing Translation Competence. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins, pp. 143-155.Seleskovitch D., 1998. Interpreting for International Conferences. Washington, Pen and Booth. 138 p.Setton R., 1999. Simultaneous Interpretation: A Cognitive-Pragmatic Analysis. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 397 p.Setton R., Dawrant A., 2016. Conference Interpreting: A Trainer’s Guide. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 650 p.Shiriayev A., 1979. Sinkhronnyi perevod: Deyatelnost sinkhronnogo perevodchika i metodika prepodavaniya sinkhronnogo perevoda [Simultaneous Interpretation. The Activity of a Simultaneous Interpreter and Methods of Teaching Simultaneous Interpretation]. Moscow, Publishing House of the Defense Ministry. 183 p.Shlesinger M., 2000. Interpreting as a Cognitive Process: How Can We Know What Really Happens? Tirkkonen-Condit S., Jaaskelainen R., eds. Tapping and Mapping the Processes of Translation and Interpreting: Outlooks on Empirical Research. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 3-16.Zabotkina V., 2020. Kognitivnye mekhanizmy mezhkulturnogo dialoga [Cognitive Mechanisms of Intercultural Dialogue]. Kognitivnye issledovaniya yazyka [Cognitive Studies of Language], no. 2 (41), pp. 76-80.Zabotkina V., Korovkina M., Sudakova O., 2019. Competence-Based Approach to a Module Design for the Master Degree Programme in Translation: Challenge of Tuning Russia Tempus Project. Tuning Journal for Higher Education. Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 67-92. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/tjhe-7(1)-2019pp67-92Zimnaya I., 1978. Psikhologicheskie aspekty obucheniya govoreniyu na inostrannom yazyke [Psychological Aspects of Teaching Speaking a Foreign Language]. Moscow, Prosveshcheniye Publ. 160 p.